By Russell L. Blaylock, M.D.
Advanced Nutritional Concepts, LLC
www.russellblaylockmd.com

After 30 years of intensive research, much has been learned about how brain cells work and what goes wrong when disease arises. One of the great enigmas has been the connection between vaccinations and certain brain disorders such as:

Autism
ADD
ADHD
Gulf War Syndrome
More common neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s dementia and ALS)

As we learned more and more about how brain cells should work, we discovered that often normal processes, such as metabolism, could result in the accumulation of powerful chemical byproducts, called free radicals, that have the capacity to destroy these cells.

Free radicals, basically, are very reactive particles that bounce all around the cell damaging everything they touch. Most originate during the process of metabolism but can also arise from toxin exposure, irradiation and toxic metals. Because they are so destructive, cells have a network of defenses designed to neutralize them. This antioxidant network is composed of numerous components that include vitamins, minerals and special chemicals called thiols (glutathione and alpha-lipoic acid).

What Causes the Free Radicals

The idea that free radicals play a major role in all of the conditions listed above is now proven--the big question is why are so many free radicals being generated? In the case of autism, ADD and ADHD many came to support the idea that mercury derived from vaccines was the source of the radicals. And it was known that mercury could cause free radicals to be generated in large numbers within the brain. Evidence connecting mercury to the autism spectrum disorders, neurodegeneration and the Gulf War Syndrome is strong, but not exclusive.

Interestingly, all of these diseases also share another common event--over activation of a portion of the immune system.

It is important to appreciate that only a certain part of the immune system is overactive, because other parts, such as cellular immunity, are actually diminished. In some instances, as with the childhood disorders, the problem is congenital and in others it develops as a result of many factors such as aging, toxin exposure, poor nutrition and excessive vaccination itself. Mercury can impair immune function as well.

How Vaccines are Made

Basically, vaccines contain either killed viruses or bacteria, germ components, toxic extracts or live organisms that have been made less virulent--a process called attenuation. To stimulate an enhanced immune reaction against these organisms, manufacturers added powerful immune-stimulating substances such as squalene, aluminum, lipopolysacchride, etc. These are called immune adjuvants.

The process of vaccination usually required repeated injections of the vaccine over a set period of time. The combination of adjuvants plus the intended organism triggers an immune response by the body, similar to that occurring with natural infections, except for one major difference. Almost none of these diseases enter the body by injection. Most enter by way of the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, pulmonary passages or GI tract. For example, polio is known to enter via the GI tract. The membranes lining these passages contain a different immune system than activated by direct injection. This system is called the IgA immune system.

It is the first line of defense and helps reduce the need for intense activation of the body’s immune system. Often, the IgA system can completely head off an attack. The point being that injecting organisms to induce immunity is abnormal.

Because more and more reports are appearing citing vaccine failure, their manufacturers’ answer is to make the vaccines more potent. They do this by making the immune adjuvants more powerful or adding more of them. The problem with this approach is that in the very young, the nutritionally deficient and the aged, over-stimulating the immune system can have an opposite effect--it can paralyze the immune system.

This is especially prevalent with nutritional deficiency.

An early attempt to vaccinate Africans met with disaster when it was discovered that many were dying following vaccination. The problem was traced to widespread vitamin A deficiency among the tribes. Once the malnutrition was corrected, death rates fell precipitously. Another problem we see with modern vaccines is that the immune stimulation continues over a prolonged period of time. This is because of the immune adjuvants. They remain in the tissues, constantly stimulating immune-activating cells. With most natural infections the immune activation occurs rapidly, and once the infection is under control, it drops precipitously. This, as we shall see, is to prevent excessive damage to normal cells in the body.

What Happens to the Brain With Vaccination?

It seems the brain is always neglected when pharmacologists consider side effects of various drugs. The same is true for vaccinations. For a long time no one considered the effect of repeated vaccinations on the brain. This was based on a mistaken conclusion that the brain was protected from immune activation by its special protective gateway called the blood-brain barrier. More recent studies have shown that immune cells can enter the brain directly, and more importantly, the brain’s own special immune system can be activated by vaccination.

You see, the brain has a special immune system that operates through a unique type of cell called a microglia.

These tiny cells are scattered throughout the brain, lying dormant waiting to be activated. In fact, they are activated by many stimuli and are quite easy to activate. For our discussion, activation of the body’s immune system by vaccination is a most important stimuli for activation of brain microglia.

Numerous studies have shown that when the body’s immune system is activated, the brain’s immune cells are likewise activated. This occurs by several pathways, not important to this discussion. The more powerfully the body’s immune system is stimulated the more intense is the brain’s reaction. Prolonged activation of the body’s immune system likewise produces prolonged activation of the brain’s immune system.

Therein lies the danger of our present vaccine policy.

The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Family Practice have both endorsed a growing list of vaccines for children, even newborns, as well as yearly flu shots for both children and adults. Children are receiving as many as 22 inoculations before attending school.

What Happens When the Brain’s Immune System is Activated?

The brain’s immune system cells, once activated, begin to move about the nervous system, secreting numerous immune chemicals (called cytokines and chemokines) and pouring out an enormous amount of free radicals in an effort to kill invading organisms. The problem is--there are no invading organisms. It has been tricked by the vaccine into believing there are.

Unlike the body’s immune system, the microglia also secrete two other chemicals that are very destructive of brain cells and their connecting processes. These chemicals, glutamate and quinolinic acid, are called excitotoxins. They also dramatically increase free radical generation in the brain. Studies of patients have shown that levels of these two excitotoxins can rise to very dangerous levels in the brain following viral and bacterial infections of the brain. High quinolinic acid levels in the brain are thought to be the cause of the dementia seen with HIV infection.

The problem with our present vaccine policy is that so many vaccines are being given so close together and over such a long period that the brain’s immune system is constantly activated. This has been shown experimentally in numerous studies. This means that the brain will be exposed to large amounts of the excitotoxins as well as the immune cytokines over the same period.

Studies on all of these disorders, even in autism, have shown high levels of immune cytokines and excitotoxins in the nervous system. These destructive chemicals, as well as the free radicals they generate, are diffused throughout the nervous system doing damage, a process called bystander
injury. It’s sort of like throwing a bomb in a crowd. Not only will some be killed directly by the blast but those far out into the radius of the explosion will be killed by shrapnel.

Normally, the brain’s immune system, like the body’s, activates quickly and then promptly shuts off to minimize the bystander damage. Vaccination won’t let the microglia shut down. In the developing brain, this can lead to language problems, behavioral dysfunction and even dementia. In the adult, it can lead to the Gulf War Syndrome or one of the more common  neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s dementia or Lou Gehrig’s disease (ALS).

A recent study by the world-renowned immunologist Dr. H. Hugh Fudenberg found that adults vaccinated yearly for five years in a row with the flu vaccine had a 10-fold increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. He attributes this to the mercury and aluminum in the vaccine. Interestingly, both of these metals have been shown to activate microglia and increase excitotoxicity in the brain.

Direct Effect of the Cytokines

Various cytokines have been used to treat cancer patients as well as other common diseases.

Studies of the effects of these cytokines on brain function reveal some very close parallels to the diseases we have been discussing. For a more in-depth study of these effects I suggest you read my article appearing in the Journal of the American Nutriceutical Association (volume 6 [fall], Number
4, 2003, pp 21-35) and in the summer issue 2004 of the Journal of the American Association of Physicians and Surgeons.
One can see:

Confusion
Language difficulties
Disorientation
Seizures
Memory problems
Somnolence
Low-grade fevers
Irritability
Mood alterations
Combativeness
Difficulty concentrating
A host of other behavioral problems

In the child, brain immune over-activation has been shown to be particularly damaging to the amygdala and other limbic structures of the brain. This can lead to unusual syndromes such as the loss of “theory of mind” and “ Alice in Wonderland syndrome.” It has also been shown to damage the executive functions of the frontal lobes. In essence, what is lost is that which makes us social human beings, able to function in a complex world of ideas and interactions. Several studies have indeed shown elevated levels of cytokines in autistic children. It is also interesting to note that these cytokines, especially interleukin-1ß and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) dramatically increase
the damage produced by excitotoxins. So, what we see is a viscous cycle of immune activation, excitotoxin and cytokine excretion, and free radical production. The latter starts the cycle all over again.

The Role of Autoimmunity and Viral Persistence

Studies in autistic children have shown that a state of immune attack on the brain is occurring. Similar findings are seen with neurodegenerative diseases and the Gulf War Syndrome. It must be appreciated that this autoimmunity was triggered by the vaccinations and by organisms contaminating the vaccinations. Once started, the immune reaction cannot stop, thus triggering all the destructive reactions I have discussed.

Dr. Garth Nicolson has shown a direct connection between mycoplasma contamination of vaccines and the 200 percent increased incidence of ALS in Gulf War veterans. The disorder is produced by the same mechanism described above.

Another, even more common, problem is the use of live viruses in vaccines. The reason live viruses can be used is that they are weakened by passing them through a series of cultures--a process called attenuation. These attenuated, non-disease-causing viruses are then injected in hopes of stimulating the body to produce an immune attack.

The problem with this idea is two-fold.

First, we now know that in far too many cases these viruses escape the immune system and take up residence in the body--for a lifetime. A recent autopsy study of elderly individuals found that 20 percent of the brains contained live measles viruses and 45 percent of the other organs contained live measles viruses. Similar findings have been described in autistic children and the measles virus is identical genetically to the one used in the vaccine. The second problem is that most of these viruses were found to be highly mutated. In fact, different mutations were found among viruses in various organs in the same individual.

This has been a secret kept from the public.

These attenuated viruses undergo mutation brought on by the presence of free radicals in the tissues and organs and they can mutate into virulent, disease-causing organisms. Recent studies have confirmed this frightening finding. In fact, a large percentage of Alzheimer’s disease patients have live viruses in their brain as compared to normal individuals. Once these live viruses are injected, they cannot be removed. Because the viruses stay in the body, they will be under constant free radical exposure, which can increase during times of stress, illness, exercise and with aging. It is the free radicals that cause the virus to mutate.

In essence, the viruses can exist in the brain, or any organ, either silently and slowly producing destruction of the brain or spinal cord or producing sudden disease once the virus mutates to a highly lethal form.

Conclusions

We have seen that the policy of giving numerous vaccinations to individuals, especially infants and small children, is shear idiocy. A considerable number of studies have shown conclusively that such a practice can lead to severe injury to the brain by numerous mechanisms. Because the child’s brain is undergoing a period of rapid growth from the third trimester of pregnancy until age 2 years, his or her brain is at considerable risk from this insane policy.

We have also seen that live-virus vaccines and contaminated vaccines hold a special risk in that the viruses tend to persist in a substantial number of individuals and that free radicals can cause the latent viruses to transform by genetic mutation into disease-causing organisms later in life. It is vital that anyone scheduled for vaccination follow a schedule that allows no more than one vaccine every six months, allowing the immune system time to recover.

Live-virus vaccines should be avoided.

This was recently illustrated by the switch from the live polio vaccine to the killed virus. All cases of polio after the introduction of the vaccine, in the developed world, came from the vaccine itself. This was known from the beginning.

Finally, it is vital that anyone undergoing vaccination should start nutritional supplementation and adhere to a healthy diet before vaccination occurs. Vaccine complications are far fewer in individuals with good nutrition.

The Danger of Overvaccination with the Present Vaccine Policy
by Dr. Russell Blaylock, M.D.

March 2007

Vaccine authorities, that is, those who make vaccine policy for our children, are of the opinion that physicians can give children an unlimited number of inoculations without any significant untoward effects, despite a growing abundance of scientific evidence and clinical experience to the contrary.

Before we look at some of this evidence we need to instill a little historical accuracy and dispel some myths concerning the efficacy and role played by vaccine policy in eliminating disease epidemics.

As a physician, I was taught, both in undergraduate school and medical school, that the great epidemics – smallpox, measles, pertussis, etc. – were eventually eliminated by a public-health policy, which initiated mandatory vaccines for all children. Most of the lay public also accepts this myth.

Yet, historical studies, summarized in Neil Z. Miller’s book, clearly demonstrate that for most of the deadly epidemic diseases, death rates fell
well before vaccine policies were initiated. For example, measles death rates in both the United States and Great Britain fell more than 90%
twenty years before the measles vaccine program was initiated in 1960. Pertussis death rates fell more than 80% prior to when the pertussis vaccine was made mandatory.

These impressive declines in death rates from these epidemics have been attributed to an improvement in public-health measures and improved nutrition. If we examine death rates from these diseases today, we can clearly see the importance of these two preventatives.

Periodically, measles and pertussis mini-epidemics occur in the United States and death rates are extremely small. Yet in Africa and other undeveloped countries, similar epidemics kill thousands – the difference – poor public-health systems and poor nutrition in these high-risk areas. Also of importance, in most of these undeveloped countries there is a high incidence of parasitic infection (malaria, schistosoma, etc.) in the population, which drastically lowers nutrition and immunity.

Yet, health authorities in this country scare people into accepting present and future vaccine policies by historical stories of mass death from
epidemics of these diseases. Likewise, if we examine the high death rates during epidemics in the developed countries, we see that most occurred during world wars and periods of famine.

Another myth is that vaccines provide long-term, even lifetime, protection. Linked with this is the grand deception of “herd immunity.” Herd
immunity is based on the idea that if 80% of a population is successfully immunized against a disease, then the rest of the population is
protected against an epidemic. Likewise, immunization rates below this level endanger us all.

We are now living in the age of mass retirement of the baby boomers, my generation. As children, we were immunized against smallpox, diphtheria,
pertussis, and a few others of the potentially epidemic diseases. Therefore, the vaccine proponents imply that we have been free of epidemics of these diseases because of “herd immunity,” that is, that 80% of the population (most of who are in my generation) remains immune.

A number of new studies have shown that in fact immunity from these vaccines lasts only 3 to 10 years at best (some studies indicate shorter periods of 3 to 4 years). That means that while most of us thought we were immunized, in fact, the vast majority of this nation has no immune protection remaining from the vaccines. It also means that far below 80% of the nation is presently protected from infections by these agents. This means that for the past 40 years or more we have been, according to the health authorities, living without the protection of “herd immunity.”

Silently, these vaccine promoters have conducted studies, which have shown that even today our children’s vaccines are lasting no more than 4 years. In fact, they are suggesting that all children receive booster vaccines every 4 years. This means that for the past several decades even the children have been without protection from these vaccines – i.e., vaccine policy has, and continues to be, predicated on a grand lie.

The Unspoken Dangers of Overvaccination of Children

Present vaccine policy in most states mandates that children receive about 34 inoculations before attending school. For the sake of convenience, many pediatricians give a number of these vaccine injections all at once – as many as 9 injections during a single office visit.

When, even as adults, we get sick from an infection, most of the sickness comes from our body’s immune reaction and not to the direct toxicity of the infectious agent. This is especially so with viruses. Our body tolerates this by attempting to quickly kill the invader and return things back to normal.

A number of studies have shown that much of the “sickness behavior” (listlessness, weakness, headache, loss of appetite, nausea, memory disruption, and even language dysfunction) comes from immune injury to the brain. Fortunately, most of the injury is reversible when we recover from the infection.

Studies have shown that with vaccination, a child’s immune activation persists for as long as two years. This is because of the powerful immune adjuvants (boosters) added to vaccines. Many of the adjuvants can cause brain damage directly – such as mercury and aluminum. In fact, a new emerging
musculo-neurologic syndrome has been uncovered called macrophagic myofascitits, which is due solely to the aluminum in vaccines.

When the pediatrician gives 6 to 9 injections in a single office visit, the child is exposed to a massive dose of brain-damaging immune adjuvants
all at once. The child’s immune system not only goes into overdrive, it does so for very long periods, even years.

Most parents are familiar with screaming, fitful babies following a visit to the pediatrician for vaccines. In many cases this uncontrollable,
high-pitched crying and irritability may last for days or even months. Pediatricians tell parents that it is just the pain caused by the injection. This is a lie.

Having operated on a number of babies and small children, I can tell you that they tolerate pain better than adults. A number of studies have shown that immune-triggered brain swelling and inflammation cause this behavior.

It should also be appreciated that the toxic metals used as adjuvants in vaccines have additive and even synergistic toxicity. That is, by adding mercury and aluminum in a vaccine, the toxicity of both is greatly magnified. And while mercury has been removed from a number of childhood vaccines, the CDC and American Academy of Pediatrics, in all their wisdom, now recommend the mercury-containing flu vaccine be given to all pregnant women, babies from age 6 to 18 months, and teenagers. In the light of all we know about mercury toxicity to the developing brain, this can only be described as insane.

The Brain’s Special Immune System

The human brain has a special immune system that, while connected to the body’s immune system, has special properties that make overstimulation a
special danger. A great number of studies have shown that when you vaccinate an animal, the body’s immune system notifies the brain’s immune system an attack has occurred.

This triggers the activation of the brain’s special immune cells, called microglia. Normally these cells are quiescent (sleeping), but when activated they can move around the brain looking for invaders.

Normally, these brain immune cells quickly kill the invader and go back to sleep. Only mild damage, which can mostly be repaired, occurs. Yet, should the activation be prolonged and intense, severe brain injury can occur. A recent study found that brain microglia are chronically activated throughout the lives of autistic children and adults, thus explaining much of the damage.

When these microglia are activated, they secrete large amounts of free radicals, lipid peroxidation products, and excitotoxins (glutamate and
aspartate), all of which damage brain cells and their connections – a process called by-stander damage. Studies of autistic children clearly
demonstrate elevated glutamate and aspartate levels in their spinal fluid and blood.

We call this destructive reaction excitotoxicity. This destructive reaction is thought to also be the central mechanism of stroke and brain trauma damage, Alzheimer’s dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and ALS. It is also the cause of much of the damage in cases of meningitis – viral or bacterial.

In fact, studies have shown that the eventual outcome in cases of measles, encephalitis, and bacterial meningitis, depend on how high the brain glutamate rises and for how long. The measles vaccine is a live-virus vaccine and autopsy studies of elderly have shown live measles viruses in 20% their brains.

In one study reported in the prestigious journal Neurology in 2004, found that people getting the hepatitis B vaccine have a 300% increased risk of
developing multiple sclerosis in 3 years of the vaccinations. In another study, Dr. Hugh Fudenberg found that elderly getting a flu vaccine for 5 years in a row increase their risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease 10-fold. This mechanism explains both observations. What will happen to the millions of babies forced to take the hepatitis B vaccine at birth is anyone’s guess.

Mercury is a very powerful stimulator of microglial activation and interferes with a protective mechanism used by the brain against excitotoxicity, which, in essence, causes intense excitotoxicity in the child’s brain. Alarmingly, the dose needed to do this is far below the amount that was, and still is, being injected in children – and adults. For example, the flu vaccine – designed for children and adults – contains a full dose of mercury.

It is known that excess microglial activation and brain glutamate accumulation, as seen with overvaccination, in a baby and small child, not only damages brain cells and connections, but interferes with brain development. From the last trimester of intrauterine life until age two years the child’s brain is undergoing massive developmental changes (called the brain growth spurt). By age 4, only 80% of the brain is formed and the most important part of the brain used for social development, memory, and impulse control is not fully developed until age 26.

Overvaccination during this period interferes with the development of brain pathways, resulting in language problems, poor attention and impulse
control, learning difficulties, and problems with social interaction while also creating future psychological problems.

The mechanism for this damage has been carefully worked out and involves an interaction between immune cytokines and excitatory amino acids such
as glutamate and aspartate, both of which are massively increased with overvaccination. The presence of inflammatory immune cytokines with
elevated levels of brain glutamate damages the child’s developing brain and triggers centers causing fear, pain, and anger (the amygdala-limbic connections). This effect has been shown in adults as well, but is less intense.

Contaminated Vaccines a Major Problem

Connected with this special immune process is the problem of contamination of the vaccines with either whole organisms found in live-virus vaccines, or nucleic-acid fragments in both live-virus and killed-organism vaccines. Several studies of commonly used vaccines have discovered live organisms, varying from pathogenic viruses to mycoplasma, in a large percentage of vaccines. For example, in a Japanese study of six major vaccine manufacturers, researchers found viral contamination in as many as 56% of the samples.

Both nucleic-acid fragments and live organisms can infect tissues and initiate chronic immune activation. Studies have shown that viral nucleic-acid fragments can act as continuous sources of immune stimulation, thus leading to by-stander damage to neurons and synaptic connections. This may explain the over 200% increase in Lou Gehrig’s disease in Gulf War veterans, which has been attributed to the 17 vaccinations they were given over a few days.

In addition, retention of these viral fragments and DNA fragments can result in autoimmune diseases, especially in people with a genetic weakness for autoimmunity. This may also explain the increased incidence of diabetes and asthma in children exposed to certain vaccines. Health authorities, even though they admit to the contamination, are quick to discount the danger. Ironically, they admit that they do not know the long-term consequences of retention of these viral fragments.

Also connected to these contaminants in the vaccines is the risk of cancers years later. Most are familiar with the contamination of both the live polio vaccine (OPV) and inactivated vaccine (IPV) with SV-40 oncogenic virus. As far back as 1959, Dr. Bernice Eddy proved that SV-40 was oncogenic.

Dr. Michele Carbone and her co-workers have also proven that this contaminating virus was responsible for a number of cancers in the children of women who were exposed to the vaccine. These tumors include mesotheliomas, ependymomas, choroids plexus papillomas, and osteosarcomas. Studies have shown that the offspring of some 58,000 women vaccinated with the contaminated vaccines had a 13-fold higher incidence of brain tumor development than those not exposed to the vaccine.

Until 1992, the poliovirus vaccine was also contaminated with simian cytomegalovirus. A recent study found that over 70% of cases of stroke are related to this virus. These are not problems to be treated lightly, as the vaccine promoters have chosen to do.

An Insane Vaccine Policy

Those making decisions concerning vaccine policy know little of these brain mechanisms. Instead, they depend on out-of-date thinking and studies,
many of which are phony and paid for by vaccine manufacturers. In fact, most pediatricians are unfamiliar with excitotoxicity or microglial
activation, rather they get their information from their specialty societies, which are dominated by physicians receiving monies from the vaccine manufacturers or who know nothing concerning the effects of overstimulation of the immune system, especially its long-range effects.

The public must speak out about these issues and demand that politicians cease legislating laws to create policies that will result in permanent
injury to themselves and their children. For more information on mercury and brain damage see my website -www.russellblaylockmd.com
under “blog.” You may also want to review my comments on the Simpsonwood Conference on mercury
www.mercola.com/2004/sep/22/blaylock_vaccine_coverup.htm.

~END~


Reference


1. Neil Z. Miller, Vaccines: Are They Really Safe and Effective? New Atlantean Press, Santa Fe, NM 1999.

2. Sasaki T, et al., “Application of PCR for detection of mycoplasma and pestivirus RNA in human live viral vaccines,” Biologicals 1996;24: 371-375.

3. Studer E, et al., “Detection and characterization of pestivirus contaminations in human live viral vaccines,” Biologicals 2002;30:289-296. [This study is an attempt to allay fears over contamination of vaccines.]

4. Sierra-Hobigmann AM, Krase PR, “Live oral poliovirus vaccines and simian cytomegalovirus,” Biologicals 2002; 30: 167-174.

5. Hernan MA, Jick SS, et al., “Recombinant hepatitis vaccine and the risk of multiple sclerosis: a prospective study,” Neurology 2004; 63: 838-842.

6. Gherardi RK et al., “Macrophagic myofascititis lesions assess long-term persistence of vaccine-derived aluminum hydroxide in muscle,” Brain 2001; 124: 1821-1831.

7. John TJ, “A developing country perspective on vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis,” Bull WHO 2004; 82: 53-58.

8. MMWR Quickguide, Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule-United States, 2005. Jan 7, 2005/vol 53/ Nos 51-52.

9. Brewer JM et al., “Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant initiates strong antigen-specific TH2 responses in the absence of IL-4 or IL-13-mediated signaling,” J Immunology 1999; 163: 6448-6454.

10. Blaylock RL, “Interaction of cytokines, excitotoxins and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in autism spectrum disorders,” J American
Nutriceutical Association 2003; 6; 21-35.

11. Blaylock RL., “Chronic microglial activation and excitotoxicity secondary to excessive immune stimulation: possible factors in Gulf War Syndrome and Autism,” J American Physicians and Surgeons 2004; 9: 46-51.

12. Blaylock RL, “Vaccinations: The Hidden Dangers,” The Blaylock Wellness Report 2004; 1

13. Liu B, Hong J-S, “Role of microglia in inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanisms and strategies for therapeutic intervention,” L Pharmacology Experimental Therapeutics 2003; 304: 1-7.

14. Morimoto K et al., “Acute neuroinflammation exacerbates excitotoxicity in rat hippocampus in vivo,” Experimental Neurology 2002; 177: 95-104.

15. Chaparro-Huerta V et al., “Neuronal death and tumor necrosis factor-alpha response to glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in the cerebral cortex of neonatal rats,” Neuroscience Letters 2002; 333: 95-98.
 

Back to page